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Abstract The boundary between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions has been delineated using different approaches, methods and taxa. Using a panbiogeographical approach, identification of nodes can help understand the dynamics and evolution of the boundary. We analysed the distribution patterns of 46 Mexican land mammal species belonging to the Nearctic biotic component and delineated generalized tracks and nodes, in order to determine the southernmost boundary of the Nearctic region in Mexico. We found six generalized tracks and nine nodes; the latter located largely in the Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur and Chiapas biogeographical provinces. The highlands of Chiapas were found to represent the southernmost area inhabited by Nearctic taxa. The other biogeographical provinces, together with the Sierra Madre Occidental and Balsas Basin provinces, represent the Mexican transition zone in the strict sense.
Instead of a classic static boundary, this transition zone represents an evolutionarily ‘active’ zone, where several speciation events have taken place in the past. Generalized tracks Species Biogeographical provinces California Microtus californicus, Sorex ornatus and Sylvilagus bachmani Baja California and California Centre-Gulf Cratogeomys merriami, Microtus oaxacensis, M. Quasiater, Orthogeomys hispidus, Sorex macrodon and Sylvilagus brasiliensis Mexican Gulf, Transmexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental Centre-North Pacific Cratogeomys gymnurus, C.
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Tylorhinus, Pappogepmys bulleri, Sorex emarginatus, S. Oreopolus, S.
Monticolus and Zygogeomys trichopus Sierra Madre Occidental and Transmexican Volcanic Belt Centre-South Pacific Cryptotis goldmani, Lepus callotis, Megasorex gigas, Sorex saussurei and Sylvilagus cunicularis Mexican Pacific Coast, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Balsas Basin, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexican Gulf and Chiapas Chiapas Microtus guatemalensis and Sorex stizodon Chiapas Isthmus of Tehuantepec Cryptotis magna, C. Mexicana, Lepus flavigularis, Orthogeomys grandis and Sorex veraepacis Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexican Gulf and Chiapas. Generalized tracks Species Biogeographical provinces California Microtus californicus, Sorex ornatus and Sylvilagus bachmani Baja California and California Centre-Gulf Cratogeomys merriami, Microtus oaxacensis, M. Quasiater, Orthogeomys hispidus, Sorex macrodon and Sylvilagus brasiliensis Mexican Gulf, Transmexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental Centre-North Pacific Cratogeomys gymnurus, C. Tylorhinus, Pappogepmys bulleri, Sorex emarginatus, S. Oreopolus, S. Monticolus and Zygogeomys trichopus Sierra Madre Occidental and Transmexican Volcanic Belt Centre-South Pacific Cryptotis goldmani, Lepus callotis, Megasorex gigas, Sorex saussurei and Sylvilagus cunicularis Mexican Pacific Coast, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Balsas Basin, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexican Gulf and Chiapas Chiapas Microtus guatemalensis and Sorex stizodon Chiapas Isthmus of Tehuantepec Cryptotis magna, C.
Mexicana, Lepus flavigularis, Orthogeomys grandis and Sorex veraepacis Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexican Gulf and Chiapas. All Cars In Midnight Club La Complete Edition Green. Nodes reveal boundaries of Nearctic taxa. Download Drivers For Packard Bell Easynote Te more. According to, mammals exhibit a divisionary line between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, geographically defined by the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre Oriental. The Sierra Madre Occidental dates from the Miocene, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt from the Tertiary (although its formation was more intense during the Quaternary), and the Sierra Madre Oriental developed during Cretaceous to Palaeocene times (; ). At the end of the Tertiary and early Quaternary (Eocene–Pleistocene) periods, when the climate was cooler, southern Mexico received Nearctic temperate biotic elements ().
The occurrence of isolated or semi-isolated populations of northern mammals on mountain ranges at low latitudes is the result of Pleistocene southward migration of Nearctic elements (). Taxa isolated in the highlands of Chiapas (as well as Guatemala) at the end of the Pleistocene may represent the southernmost Nearctic relicts in Mesoamerica ().
Used a biogeographical index to analyse bat distributional data in order to delineate the boundary between the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. They distinguished three zones: Nearctic, Transitional and Neotropical.
Based on our analysis, the Nearctic region occupies northern Mexico; the transitional zone comprises the Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur and probably Sierra Madre Occidental provinces; and the Neotropical region is restricted to the southern part of the country (). Our results are similar to those of, but we assigned the highlands of Chiapas to the Neotropical region.
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